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Amphidromous atyid shrimps in the genus Atyopsis consist of two species, namely, A. moluccensis and A. spinipes. The geographical distribution of A. spinipes extends to the Pacific islands and is wider than that of A. moluccensis. Amphidromous shrimp populations are linked through marine larval dispersal. Therefore, A. spinipes larvae may have an ability to survive in the open sea. We tested this expectation through larval culture experiments under different temperatures (20, 24, 28 and 32 °C) and salinity (8.5, 17, 25.5 and 34 ppt) conditions, which are crucial abiotic factors affecting the larval performance of decapod crustaceans. The larvae of A. moluccensis died soon after hatching at 34 ppt and survived to the juvenile stage under 24–32 °C and 17–25.5 ppt conditions. The larvae of A. spinipes survived to the juvenile stage under 24–32 °C and 17–34 ppt conditions, and their moulting incidence and survival time to death at 20 °C were higher and longer, respectively, compared with A. moluccensis larvae. The larvae of A. spinipes adapted to lower temperature and higher salinity conditions, allowing this species to expand their northward distribution through the open sea with high salinity conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diet restrictions and fear of adverse reactions put a significant burden on the nutrition, growth and life style of children and adults with food allergies. While various disease-modifying options are pursued, there are so far no published clinical data on immunotherapy for crustaceans. The efficacy and safety of desensitization to crustaceans by means of sublingual immunotherapy is assessed for the first time in this study with a view of validating it as a clinical-practice modality. Methods: Charts of a Midwest Allergy-Immunology practice from the period January 2014–June 2023 were reviewed to identify patients with allergy to shrimp treated with sublingual immunotherapy and to retrospectively evaluate their responses to oral challenge. Results: Sixty-six patients were identified who had been treated by sublingual immunotherapy for either systemic or localized reactions to shrimp. Demographics and relevant comorbidities were consistent with those of the atopic population. Sublingual immunotherapy with serially diluted mixtures was initiated at 64–320 ng/dose and was gradually escalated to 0.5 mg/dose three times a day. The sublingual immunotherapy course ranged from 5 to 72 months (average: 51 months), following which, 18 patients underwent shrimp oral challenge. No systemic reactions occurred upon challenge; no patient required epinephrine. Tolerance of target dose equal to or exceeding 42 g shrimp was achieved in 11 patients (61%), seven of whom had originally presented with systemic reactions to crustaceans. Seven patients (38%) developed one or more of the following localized reactions: oral itching, nasal symptoms, localized perioral hives, localized hives at pressure points, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain upon exposure to a cumulative dose of 39.2–148.2 g of shrimp during the 4 h of the challenge. Five of these patients had originally presented with systemic reactions to crustaceans. Five of the 7 patients who developed localized symptoms during the challenge were subsequently placed on routine exposure to 12–20 g shrimp every other day. Two patients continued sublingual immunotherapy but declined routine exposure to shrimp every other day because they had no intention to incorporate crustaceans to their routine diet. On repeat challenge 6–9 months after original challenge, all five patients who had routine exposure to 12–20 g shrimp every other day tolerated the procedure to target dose without any symptoms. Conclusions: Desensitization to shrimp by sublingual immunotherapy appears to be safe and effective as shown in this study. Whether the immune modification induced by sublingual immunotherapy is permanent resulting in sustained tolerance, or the achieved degree of desensitization depends on regular exposure is not known; therefore, following challenge, regular consumption three-four times per week was recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arthropod exoskeleton provides protection and support and is vital for survival and adaption. The integrity and mechanical properties of the exoskeleton are often impaired after pathogenic infection; however, the detailed mechanism by which infection affects the exoskeleton remains largely unknown. Here, we report that the damage to the shrimp exoskeleton is caused by modulation of host lipid profiles after infection with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). WSSV infection disrupts the mechanical performance of the exoskeleton by inducing the expression of a chitinase (Chi2) in the sub-cuticle epidermis and decreasing the cuticle chitin content. The induction of Chi2 expression is mediated by a nuclear receptor that can be activated by certain enriched long-chain saturated fatty acids after infection. The damage to the exoskeleton, an aftereffect of the induction of host lipogenesis by WSSV, significantly impairs the motor ability of shrimp. Blocking the WSSV-caused lipogenesis restored the mechanical performance of the cuticle and improved the motor ability of infected shrimp. Therefore, this study reveals a mechanism by which WSSV infection modulates shrimp internal metabolism resulting in phenotypic impairment, and provides new insights into the interactions between the arthropod host and virus. Author summary: Loosening and softening of the exoskeleton of shrimp is frequently observed after white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. This study reveals that the impairment of the exoskeleton is due to the enrichment of certain long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs), induction of chitinase, and ultimately decrease in cuticle chitin after WSSV infection. The exoskeleton allows for movement through contracting connected muscle; therefore, these WSSV-induced changes impair the motor ability of infected shrimp. The impaired motor ability may increase the chance of an infected shrimp being consumed by a healthy shrimp, thereby facilitating the natural transmission of WSSV. As WSSV exploits LCFAs for virion morphogenesis, we also show that blocking WSSV-induced lipogenesis restores exoskeleton performance, providing a possible strategy for the inhibition of viral transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the link between rearing environmental condition and metabolism was explored. Metabolite fingerprint datasets of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) from three production sites were collected and studied using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and HPLC-MS/MS. Two compounds, benzisothiazolinone and hippuric acid, were identified to be potentially related to pollution in the rearing environment and showed different abundances in the analysed shrimp samples with different origins. Furthermore, metabolomic analysis on three shrimp species, black tiger shrimp, kuruma shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) and sword shrimp (Parapenaeopsis hardwickii), under an identical rearing environment was also conducted. Two compounds, diethanolamine and benzisothiazolinone, potentially linked with pollution in the rearing environment were identified. The present protocol holds promise to be extended to the studies of exploring the relationship between rearing environmental conditions and metabolism. Furthermore, the analysis of single-blind samples was conducted. The results show that specific metabolites can be utilized as markers for tracing the origins of shrimp samples. The present protocol holds potential for application in tracing the origin and species of certain seafoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp fry counting is an important task for biomass estimation in aquaculture. Accurate counting of the number of shrimp fry in tanks can not only assess the production of mature shrimp but also assess the density of shrimp fry in the tanks, which is very helpful for the subsequent growth status, transportation management, and yield assessment. However, traditional manual counting methods are often inefficient and prone to counting errors; a more efficient and accurate method for shrimp fry counting is urgently needed. In this paper, we first collected and labeled the images of shrimp fry in breeding tanks according to the constructed experimental environment and generated corresponding density maps using the Gaussian kernel function. Then, we proposed a multi-scale attention fusion-based shrimp fry counting network called the SFCNet. Experiments showed that our proposed SFCNet model reached the optimal performance in terms of shrimp fry counting compared to CNN-based baseline counting models, with MAEs and RMSEs of 3.96 and 4.682, respectively. This approach was able to effectively calculate the number of shrimp fry and provided a better solution for accurately calculating the number of shrimp fry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the effects of paprika extract on the survival rate, growth performance and stimulation of the innate immune system of Litopenaeus vannamei. In this experiment, 240 healthy shrimp (3.22 ± 0.12 g) were randomly divided into four groups. The shrimp were fed diets with different concentrations of paprika oil extracts (0%, 0.5%, 1% and 2%) for 8 weeks. The results showed that growth performance, urea, uric acid, creatinine, cholesterol levels, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities were not significantly affected by adding paprika extract to the shrimp diet (p > 0.05). Diets containing 1% and 0.5% paprika extract showed the highest levels of total protein and triglyceride, respectively (p < 0.05). There was a significant decrease in haemolymph glucose concentration in shrimp‐fed diets containing 1% and 2% paprika extract (p < 0.05). Moreover, a diet containing 0.5% paprika extract resulted in the highest levels of total heamocyte count, hyaline cells and large‐granular cells in shrimp (p < 0.05). Higher catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were also exhibited in the paprika groups (p < 0.05). Vibrio sp. bacteria were not significantly reduced by paprika extract in the intestines of L. vannamei (p > 0.05). A significant decrease in heterotrophic bacteria was observed with increasing extract concentrations (p < 0.05). The shrimp culture industry can utilize paprika extract as a cost‐effective, efficient and environmentally friendly immune stimulant at a concentration of 0.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive species are a major threat to the structure and functioning of freshwater ecosystems, yet their functional roles in the invaded habitats are often poorly understood, especially in omnivores. Their impact on the invaded ecosystems may be strongly dependent on local species composition, but so far there is little evidence to support this.We ran a mesocosm experiment to test whether the top‐down effect of the widespread omnivorous mysid shrimp of Ponto‐Caspian origin, Limnomysis benedeni, is the function of community composition of the invaded community. Zooplankton communities with different initial composition, dominated by either Cladocera or Copepoda, were crossed with the presence/absence of L. benedeni.We found that the effect of L. benedeni depended on community composition by suppressing zooplankton biomass only in communities dominated by Cladocera. This is presumably related to the differences in predator avoidance abilities, specifically that the dominant Daphnia species were less efficient in escaping predation by L. benedeni compared to Copepoda. While the elimination of such large planktonic grazers may cascade down to the level of primary producers, we did not find clear evidence for this, as phytoplankton biomass was mostly unaffected during the 2‐week experimental duration.Based on our results, we urge further proof‐of‐principle experiments coupled with field observations to be able to better predict the effects of invaders on different local communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Dried shrimp is a high‐value fishery product worldwide, but rapid and accurate assessment of its quality remains challenging. In the present study, a new method based on Raman spectroscopy was developed for assessing the quality changes in dried shrimp (Parapenaeopsis hardwickii) during storage. RESULTS: A high‐quality Raman spectrum of astaxanthin (AST) was obtained from the third abdominal segment of dried shrimp. The intensity ratio (I1520/I1446) of the band from 1520 cm−1 to that at 1446 cm−1, which was ascribed to AST and protein/lipid, respectively, was calculated. I1520/I1446 can probe AST degradation in dried shrimp during storage at both 37 and 4 °C and further reflect quality changes of dried shrimp, as indicated by indices including total volatile basic nitrogen, pH and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. CONCLUSION: Compared to conventional methods, the proposed method avoids complex and time‐consuming preprocessing and provides significant advantages including cost‐effectiveness and rapid detection. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In order to improve the tenderness of dried shrimp products as well as to reduce the hardness of the meat during the drying process, shrimp were treated with ultrasound combined with pineapple protease and the tenderization condition was optimized by measuring the texture and shear force of dried shrimp. In addition, the sulfhydryl content, myofibril fragmentation index (MFI) and microstructure were also examined to clarify the mechanisms of shrimp tenderization. RESULTS: The results showed UB1 group with ultrasonic power of 100 W, heating temperature of 50 °C and pineapple protease concentration of 20 U mL−1 were the optimum tenderization conditions, where shrimp showed the lowest hardness (490.76 g) and shear force (2006.35 gf). Microstructure as well as sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis results suggested that during the tenderization process the muscle segments of shrimps were broken, degradation of myofibrillar proteins occurred, and MFI values and total sulfhydryl content increased significantly (P < 0.05) (MFI value = 193.6 and total sulfhydryl content = 93.93 mmol mg−1 protein for UB 1 group). CONCLUSION: Ultrasound combined with bromelain could be used as a simple and effective tenderization method for the production of tender dried shrimp. The best conditions were 100 W ultrasonic power, 50 °C ultrasonic temperature, and 20 U mL−1 bromelain. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sun-dried method is popular for producing dried Sergestid shrimp in Vietnam, but maintaining consistent product quality across seasons is challenging due to its dependence on weather conditions. A previous study used convection drying at a laboratory scale. In this study, the laboratory scale was upgraded to a commercial scale, and recovery efficiency and Sergestid shrimp images were recorded during production stages. Parameters were adjusted for economic efficiency and convenience. Results showed a decrease in recovery efficiency on the laboratory scale, while the commercial scale improved with washing and blanching. Overall, there was no significant difference in recovery efficiency between the commercial production (15.76 %) and laboratory scale (16.29 %). The commercial-scale dried Sergestid shrimp exhibited better colour than the laboratory-scale product. The product met food safety and quality criteria according to Vietnamese standards. Microorganisms such as Coliforms, E. coli, B. cereus, C. perfringens and salmonella, and total number of yeast and mold spores, were not detected in the product. On the other hand, the product of commercial production contained 256 kcal 100 g-1 of energy and a protein content of 55.50 ± 0.33 %. These findings form a foundation for scaling up production and assessing economic feasibility. Adjusting production parameters using larger equipment contributes to achieving optimal production efficiency and economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality is crucial to the health of the prawn industry in Malaysia, where unpredictable weather is common. However, many breeders still monitor the water quality manually, which limits their capacity to respond quickly to changing conditions. To address this, an automated system was developed using Internet of Things (IoT) technology to continually monitor and control the pH level and temperature of the saltwater. Sensors are connected to a LabVIEW-equipped data acquisition, and a servo motor operates the probe of the sensors. The proposed system employs ThingSpeak software to display real-time water quality data and has a system of alarms that can be activated to notify the user of any issues. An acid or alkali solution is pumped into the tank using a submersible water pump to regulate the pH level, and a fuzzy logic controller is integrated into the submersible water pump to control the valve for the solutions. From the results, the systems managed to measure the maximum value of the temperature which is 33.86°C meanwhile the minimum value is 30.6 °C. These temperature values are in the desirable range of temperature for prawn which is between 25 °C to 35 °C. Hence, this system depicts that the water is a good temperature for the prawn. Furthermore, the data transfer through wireless via ThingSpeaks' website is the same as the data transfer through mobile's app. Hence, this prove that the system is able to deliver the water quality data accurately and can be monitored remotely. The system will greatly benefit the aquaculture industry, and continued development will only improve its effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture provided 43% of the aquatic animal food consumed by humans in 2007, and it is anticipated to expand even more to meet the increasing future demand. Marine Science Techno Park (MSTP) is one of the Techno Parks in Indonesia and is located in Teluk Awur, Jepara. MSTP has an intensive system of Vannamei shrimp farming activities. The challenge that has been faced annually is the organic matter of the remaining shrimp feed that accumulates in the waters can cause a decrease in pond water quality. Ammonia-N anions derived from the decomposition of feed residues can cause toxins in shrimp culture ponds which can further interfere with shrimp survival. The objective of this study is to design a self-controlled water quality monitoring system that is equipped with an early warning system based on internet of things (IoT) and to implement the design for analyzing the water quality including dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and temperature in the Vannamei farming pond of MSTP UNDIP through integrating IoT which is equipped with an early warning system. If the water quality reaches a threshold value, the monitoring system will send a sound signal to the buzzer followed by sending an alert notification in real-time conditions automatically to a smartphone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shallow coastal systems act as nursery habitat for many species of fish and macroinvertebrates. Juveniles of these species may show selective use of certain habitat types over others, but the degree of such selectivity is not well studied for many species. Analysis of habitat selectivity is often hindered by inherently different gear types used in the habitats examined, which may not allow for direct comparison between the habitats. Here, we carry out nekton catches in the fringing marsh, using fyke nets, and in the adjacent seagrass habitat, using trawls, in the northern Gulf of Mexico to assess the relative use of the two habitats by the juveniles of six widespread important species. To resolve issues of gear comparability between fyke nets and trawls, we develop a habitat use index (HUI S) . The results reveal a consistent trend where, in relation to pinfish, speckled sea trout shows slightly higher (from 8.4 to 66.9 times); American silver perch and brown shrimp show moderately higher (from 2.3 to 369.4 times); and blue crab and white shrimp show greatly higher (from 90.6 to 2366.4 times) use of marsh over seagrass habitat. Thus, while similar in direction, differences in the use of marsh over seagrass habitat in relation to pinfish were more pronounced in some sites. We propose an index that can resolve issues of gear comparability and improve our understanding of coastal habitat selectivity by fish and macroinvertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Growth rate is a crucial economic trait for farmed animals, but the genetic regulation of this trait is largely unknown in non-model organisms such as shrimp. Results: In this study, we performed genome-wide phenotypic quantitative trait loci (QTL) and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping analyses to identify genes affecting the growth rate of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), which is the most commercially-farmed crustacean worldwide. We used RNA-sequencing of 268 individuals in a mapping population, and subsequently validated our findings through gene silencing and shrimp growth experiments. We constructed a high-density genetic linkage map comprising 5533 markers spanning 44 linkage groups, with a total distance of 6205.75 cM and an average marker interval of 1.12 cM. Our analyses identified 11 QTLs significantly correlated with growth rate, and 117,525 eQTLs. By integrating QTL and eQTL data, we identified a gene (metalloreductase STEAP4) highly associated with shrimp growth rate. RNA interference (RNAi) analysis and growth experiments confirmed that STEAP4 was significantly correlated with growth rate in L. vannamei. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the comprehensive analysis of QTL and eQTL can effectively identify genes involved in complex animal traits. This is important for marker-assisted selection (MAS) of animals. Our work contributes to the development of shrimp breeding and available genetic resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the widespread use of shellfish ingredients in food products, accurate food labelling is urgently needed for consumers with shellfish allergies. Most crustacean allergen detection systems target the immunorecognition of the allergenic protein tropomyosin. However, this mode of detection may be affected by an origin-dependent protein composition. This study determined if the geographic location of capture, or aquaculture, influenced the allergenic protein profiles of Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon), one of the most farmed and consumed shrimp species worldwide. Protein composition was analysed in shrimp from nine different locations in the Asia–Pacific by SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting, and mass spectrometry. Ten of the twelve known shrimp allergens were detected, but with considerable differences between locations. Sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein, myosin light chain, and tropomyosin were the most abundant allergens in all locations. Hemocyanin-specific antibodies could identify up to six different isoforms, depending on the location of origin. Similarly, tropomyosin abundance varied by up to 13 times between locations. These findings suggest that allergen abundance may be related to shrimp origin and, thus, shrimp origin might directly impact the readout of commercial crustacean allergen detection kits, most of which target tropomyosin, and this should be considered in food safety assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the sources of aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface sediments of the northwestern Persian Gulf and the muscle tissues of Jinga shrimp (Metapenaeus affinis), a commercially important aquatic species. In November 2018, 28 Jinga shrimp samples were systematically collected from four key fishing areas in Behrgan and Khormusi: Imam Khomeini Port (S1), Mahshahr Port (S2), Sejafi (S3), and Behrgan Wharf (S4). Additionally, sediment samples were collected from these locations, and AHs and PAHs concentrations were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The average aliphatic concentration in Jinga shrimp was 4800.32 (μg g−1 DW), exceeding the sediment samples' 2496.69 (μg g−1 DW) estimate. Hydrocarbon component analysis revealed EPA priority list (PAH-16) and measured PAHs (PAH-29) concentrations in Jinga shrimp ranging from 1095.8 to 2698.3 (ng g−1 DW) and in sediments from 653.6 to 1019.5 (ng g−1 DW). Elevated AHs and PAHs in Jinga shrimp, compared to sediments, suggest a petrogenic source, notably at station S4 near Behrgansar and Nowruz oil fields. Low molecular weight (LMW) compounds dominated in both shrimp and sediment PAHs. Aliphatic composition profiles in shrimps closely mirrored sediment profiles, illustrating an even-to-odd carbon dominance gradient. Diagnostic ratio examinations of hydrocarbons indicated pervasive petroleum derivatives in the environment. This study establishes a direct correlation between hydrocarbon concentrations in shrimp and sediment samples and the corresponding aliphatic groups, PAH-16, and PAH-29. The findings underscore the potential of Jinga shrimp as a reliable indicator of hydrocarbon pollution in the northwestern Persian Gulf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel storage technique that combines the low-frequency electric field (LFEF) and ice temperature was used to extend the shelf life of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). The study investigated the effect of LFEF treatment on the quality and microbial composition of Penaeus vannamei during storage at ice temperature. The results showed that the LFEF treatment significantly extended the shelf life of shrimp during storage at ice temperature. The total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) and pH of samples increased over time, while the total viable count (TVC) showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. Obviously, shrimp samples treated with LFEF had a lower pH, TVB-N and TVC values than the untreated samples (p < 0.05) at the middle and late stages of storage. LFEF treatment increased the diversity and altered the composition of the microbial communities in Penaeus vannamei. Additionally, the treatment led to a decrease in the relative abundance of dominant spoilage bacteria, including Aliivibrio, Photobacterium and Moritella, in Penaeus vannamei stored at ice temperature for 11 days. Furthermore, correlation analysis indicated that TVB-N and pH had a significant and positive correlation with Pseudoalteromonas, suggesting that Pseudoalteromonas had a greater impact on shrimp quality. This study supports the practical application of accelerated low-frequency electric field-assisted shrimp preservation as an effective means of maintaining shrimp meat quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) to Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a causative agent of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease at different salinities. Experimental shrimp were stocked at 40 individuals/tank containing 40 L of 15 ppt seawater. Salinities in the experimental tanks were adjusted to 10, 20, 25, 30, and 35 ppt, and remaining tanks (15 ppt) used as controls. The water temperature was maintained at 28°C. Three days after acclimatization to different salinities, shrimp were challenged with V. parahaemolyticus. Ten days after challenge, shrimp growing in 35 ppt salinity showed higher cumulative mortality than shrimp growing in 10 ppt. No significant difference occurred among the groups exposed to 15, 20, 25, and 30 ppt salinity. The median lethal time of challenged shrimp was 25.31 ± 4.06 hours at 35 ppt and significantly shorter than at 10 ppt (161.19 ± 4.60 hours) and at 15 ppt (91.30 ± 4.25 hours). The results suggest that whiteleg shrimp juveniles are more susceptible to V. parahaemolyticus when reared at 35 ppt salinity than at lower salinities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Authoritarian environmentalism has come under the spotlight. It has often been criticized as accompanying social oppression. However, as some studies have reported an ambiguity in its governance on the ground, which is neither democratic nor authoritarian, its governance process needs further analysis. In particular, little is known about how the authoritarian state compromises with society. Therefore, by unraveling the historical background behind the development of shrimp farming in the mangroves of southern Vietnam, this paper examines the process of establishment of authoritarian environmentalism and considers how the authoritarian state exerts its power in interactions with society. To distinguish features of governance and understand various aspects of interactions among actors, we developed the concept of "ostensible" and "actual" authoritarianism. To this end, we conducted semi-structured interviews with provincial government officials, forest officers, and shrimp farmers in Ca Mau Province and also used secondary materials. The results revealed that mangroves that were previously the frontier until the 1970s had been enclosed by the state, applying modern governing technologies. However, the state failed to optimally utilize its governing power due to an accidental confluence of interests with society and to avoid political instability. Locals also tenaciously coped with top-down governance by adopting unique strategies. These interactions created an informal social order, which ironically created temporal social stability. We conclude that more research is needed to address how the political equilibrium is disturbed or maintained under authoritarian environmentalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the diet preferences and food selection of invasive species is crucial to better predict their impact on community structure and ecosystem functioning. Limnomysis benedeni, a Ponto‐Caspian invasive mysid shrimp, is one of the most successful invaders in numerous European river and lake ecosystems. While existing studies suggest potentially strong trophic impact due to high predation pressure on native plankton communities, little is known of its food selectivity between phyto‐ and zooplankton, under different food concentrations. Here, we therefore investigated the feeding selectivity of L. benedeni on two commonly occurring prey organisms in freshwaters, the small rotifer zooplankton Brachionus calyciflorus together with the microphytoplankton Cryptomonas sp. present in increasing densities. Our results demonstrated a clear shift in food selection, with L. benedeni switching from B. calyciflorus to Cryptomonas sp. already when the two prey species were provided in equal biomasses. Different functional responses were observed for the two food types, indicating somewhat different foraging mechanisms for each food type. These findings provide experimental evidence on the feeding flexibility of invasive mysid shrimps and potential implications for trophic interactions in invaded ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twelve species of atyid shrimps are reported from three Micronesian islands (Babeldaob, Pohnpei, and Guam) and studied using a combined morphological and molecular approach. Among them, three are new records for the area (Caridina appendiculata, Caridina lobocensis, and Caridina rubella), while three new species are here described: Atyoida chacei sp. nov., Caridina ponapensis sp. nov., and Caridina rintelenorum sp. nov. Descriptions for these new species, diagnoses for poorly known species, and taxonomic notes are provided herein and their biogeography is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the muscle quality of different crustaceans, we aim to provide a comprehensive assessment of their muscle quality characteristics as a theoretical reference. In this work, seven major species of farmed and consumer crustaceans were selected, including crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), kuruma prawns (Penaeus japonicus), river prawns (Macrobranchium nipponense), and Chinese shrimp (Penaeus chinensis). Their morphometric parameters, nutritional composition, textural properties, and physical and chemical indexes were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that the meat content (MC, about 14.78%) of crayfish was significantly lower than that of the other six species. By contrast, pacific white shrimp had the highest MC, although the MCs of black tiger shrimp, kuruma prawns, and Chinese shrimp are greater than 40%. All seven crustacean species were high in protein and low in fat, while pacific white shrimp had the highest crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash content compared to the other crustaceans. The content of threonine (Thr) was the highest in crayfish. The content of methionine (Met) and lysine (Lys) was the highest in freshwater prawns. The content of isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), and non–essential amino acid (NEAA) was the highest in pacific white shrimp. C18:2n-6 (linoleic acid, LA) was the highest in freshwater prawns and pacific white shrimp; C18:3n-3 (linolenic acid, LNA), C20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid, AA), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were all the highest in crayfish; and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was the highest in freshwater prawns, but the content was not significantly different from crayfish, pacific white shrimp, black tiger shrimp, and Chinese shrimp. Pacific white shrimp had the highest values for hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness. The redness values of crayfish, black tiger shrimp, and Chinese shrimp were significantly higher than those of the other three species except kuruma prawns. Compared to other crustaceans, river prawns had the highest drip loss and cooking loss. Black tiger shrimp and Chinese shrimp had the lowest cooking loss rates. The research shows that the tail muscle of the seven species of crustaceans is rich in protein, essential amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids and low in fat, representing a high-quality protein. Among these crustaceans, the main essential amino acids and essential fatty acids in the tail muscle of pacific white shrimp, freshwater prawns, and crayfish are higher in content and better in nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Already a multibillion-dollar global industry, shrimp aquaculture, is growing all the time. The intensive method, which is the most common method in shrimp aquaculture, remains commercially challenged due to the expenditures associated with environmental pollution abatement. Although the comprehensive understanding of this intricate aquaculture environment has been advanced using mathematical modeling, recent attempts to improve the model's structure have not yielded enough results. This work upgraded the previous method to a three-dimensional hydrodynamic ecosystem model with the effects of shrimps being replaced by approximation equations for the environmental assessment of a shrimp aquaculture pond in Kyushu District, Japan. Our approach was successful, as demonstrated by the high consistency of the simulation results when compared to observation data and the previous results. Additionally, we first revealed the impacts of stratification and confirmed the notable daily variation in the water quality. Our case study offers significant practical information on the characteristics of intensive shrimp aquaculture, implications for long-term sustainable operations, and future research priorities on local-scale ecosystem modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological properties of commercially available traditional Korean salted shrimp (Saeu-jeot) and to analyze the effects of saltwater immersion and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the reduction of Staphylococcus aureus in Saeu-jeot. A microbiological analysis was conducted across 56 commercially available Saeu-jeot samples from the Korean, Chinese, and Vietnamese markets. The microbiological analysis revealed no presence of Escherichia coli, coliforms, or Vibrio parahaemolyticus in any commercial samples. The total viable count and S. aureus were 3.8 ± 0.4 and 0.6 ± 0.3 log CFU/g, respectively. An investigation of the procedures conducted on Saeu-jeot samples at various production stages by Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP)-certified companies demonstrated the substantial relevance of the raw material (tiny shrimp) on S. aureus counts. In order to reduce S. aureus in Saeu-jeot, saltwater immersion and UV irradiation treatments were applied, which reduced the S. aureus counts by 1.4 log CFU/g and 0.3 log CFU/g, respectively, and S. aureus's efficacy was limited to the food's surface. These results suggest that a co-treatment of saltwater immersion and UV irradiation could be effective in reducing S. aureus. The maintenance of hygienic handling and cleanliness are essential in the modern manufacturing processes of Saeu-jeot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this research, we established inbred families of Fenneropenaeus chinensis with an inbreeding coefficient of 0.25, and studied how inbreeding depression affects the larval development. We examined gene frequency changes in two developmental stages through sequencing. The results showed significant inbreeding depression in larval survival rates during hatching and two major developmental stages, ranging from 24.36% to 45.28%. Sequencing at these stages revealed deviations from Mendelian segregation, with homozygote deficiency and heterozygote excess being the primary selection types. The elimination during the larval stage resulted in more heterozygotes being retained and increased the population's heterozygosity. These findings indicate the presence of large amount of harmful recessive alleles in the Chinese shrimp genome and their potential criteria for elimination. The study provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of inbreeding depression in marine animals and provides guidance for shrimp population breeding strategies. Marine animals possess genomes of considerable complexity and heterozygosity. Their unique reproductive system, characterized by high fecundity and substantial early mortality rates, increases the risk of inbreeding, potentially leading to severe inbreeding depression during various larval developmental stages. In this study, we established a set of inbred families of Fenneropenaeus chinensis, with an inbreeding coefficient of 0.25, and investigated elimination patterns and the manifestations of inbreeding depression during major larval developmental stages. Reduced-representation genome sequencing was utilized to explore the genotype frequency characteristics across two typical elimination stages. The results revealed notable mortality in hatching and metamorphosis into mysis and post-larvae stages. Inbreeding depression was also evident during these developmental stages, with depression rates of 24.36%, 29.23%, and 45.28%. Segregation analysis of SNPs indicated an important role of gametic selection before hatching, accounting for 45.95% of deviation in the zoea stage. During the zygotic selection phase of larval development, homozygote deficiency and heterozygote excess were the main selection types. Summation of the two types explained 82.31% and 89.91% of zygotic selection in the mysis and post-larvae stage, respectively. The overall distortion ratio decreased from 22.37% to 12.86% in the late developmental stage. A total of 783 loci were identified through selective sweep analysis. We also found the types of distortion at the same locus could change after the post-larvae stage. The predominant shifts included a transition of gametic selection toward normal segregation and other forms of distortion to heterozygous excess. This may be attributed to high-intensity selection on deleterious alleles and genetic hitchhiking effects. Following larval elimination, a greater proportion of heterozygous individuals were preserved. We detected an increase in genetic diversity parameters such as expected heterozygosity, observed heterozygosity, and polymorphic information content in the post-larvae stage. These findings suggest the presence of numerous recessive deleterious alleles and their linkage and suggest a major role of the partial dominance hypothesis. The results provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of inbreeding depression in marine animals and offer guidance for formulating breeding strategies in shrimp populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of black soldier fly larval (BSFL) meal as a fish meal (FM) replacement on the growth performance, survival, immune responses, and resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in Pacific white shrimp fed a low FM diet. Four experimental diets were formulated: control (with 12% FM), 2, 5, and 10% BSFL meal. In Experiment 1, shrimp postlarvae were divided into four groups, corresponding to the four diets; they were fed four times daily for 45 days. In Experiment 2, the surviving shrimp from Experiment 1 were challenged with V. parahaemolyticus by immersion at a concentration of 105 CFU/mL and were fed with the same diets for another 7 days to evaluate the disease resistance. Results demonstrated that the 5 and 10% BSFL meal-fed shrimp had significantly increased body weight, decreased hepatopancreatic and intestinal Vibrio spp. count, and improved immune parameters. The survival rates of all BSFL meal groups after the bacterial challenge were at least 60%, which were significantly higher than the control (50%). In short, 5–10% BSFL meal can partially replace FM in the shrimp feed without compromising health conditions and disease resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp aquaculture is the fastest-growing animal food-producing sector in the world due to its high demand in developed countries. The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), a double-stranded virus, is primarily associated with high mortalities in the shrimp population, causing an imbalance in the aquaculture industry. Nanotechnology is advantageous due to its high surface area to volume ratio, targeted drug load and alteration of the charge of nanoparticle surface area, and prevention of adverse effects associated with commercial drug treatment. This review discusses the antiviral activity of chitosan triphosphate (CS/TPP)-coated nanoparticles encapsulating WSSV Viral protein 28 (VP28), innate immunity stimulation using polyamine-coated carbon quantum dots, and the investigation of silver nanoparticle designed Argovit-4 with or without PVP responsible for inhibiting viral activity. Nanotechnology-driven techniques have improved the stability of RNA-induced vaccines, paving the way for an effective cure for white spot syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyculture of black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon, mud crab Scylla paramamosain, and red seaweed Gracilaria tenuistipitata, were applied in improved extensive ponds in the Vietnamese Mekong delta to evaluate production and financial efficiency. The trial consisted of two treatments: (1) non-feed supplement, in which shrimp consumed only natural food in the culture pond; and (2) feed supplement, in which shrimp received commercial feed (50% feeding rate). Treatments were in triplicate; ponds featured natural occurrence of red seaweed. Postlarvae of shrimp and crab were stocked at densities of 4 ind./m2 and 0.15 ind./m2, respectively, and culture for six months. Results showed that shrimp receiving feed supplement demonstrated much better (P < 0.05) growth and survival than those without feed supplementation. Shrimp yield was significantly higher (P > 0.05) in the feed supplement pond (348.9 kg/ha) than in the non-feed supplement pond (169.2 kg/ha). Crab production was similar between the two treatments (P > 0.05), varying from 88.1 to 92.4 kg/ha. Production cost (456.2 US$/ha) in the non-feed supplement pond was significantly lower than that in the feed supplement pond (944.8 US$/ha), but the former produced less profit (2,230.9 US$/ha) than the latter (4,169.2 US$/ha). Notably, the average benefit–cost ratio in the non-feed supplement group (4.84 times) was relatively higher compared to the feed supplement group (4.35 times). These findings suggest that polyculture of shrimp, crab, and seaweed in the improved extensive pond could be applied either non-feed supplement or feed supplement for shrimp, depending on the financial conditions of the farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A six-treatment study in a 3 × 2 factorial design was conducted to investigate whether dietary supplementation of shrimp hydrolysate (SH) improves the efficacy of meat and bone meal (MBM) replacing fishmeal protein in juvenile giant trevally Caranx ignobilis. A fishmeal-based diet (MBM0) was used as a control; two low fishmeal diets were prepared by replacing 25% (MBM25) and 50% (MBM50) of fishmeal protein with MBM; and another three treatments by supplementing MBM0, MBM25, and MBM50 with 45-g/kg SH supplementation (MBM0SH, MBM25SH, MBM50SH) were produced. The results showed that fish fed MBM25 and MBM50 caused lower growth and feed utilization than MBM0, whereas no differences were observed among fish fed MBM25SH, MBM50SH, and MBM0. Increasing dietary MBM levels resulted in decreased lipids in fish muscles and increased ash contents, while SH supplementation improved the muscle lipid levels. Substituting fishmeal with MBM increased monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and decreased polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA), n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA), and n-3/n-6 HUFA, whereas SH supplementation enhanced n-3 PUFA, n-3 HUFA, and n-3/n-6 HUFA. The goblet cell density in the intestine increased in fish fed diets supplemented with SH. The study suggested that dietary supplementation of 45-g/kg SH increased the efficacy of substituting MBM protein for 50% of fishmeal protein without compromising the growth of juvenile giant trevally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is reported that ILF2 (interleukin enhancer binding factor 2) is involved in the immune response by regulating the transcription of interleukin 2 (IL2), which may play an important role in host-virus interactions. To investigate the role of ILF2 in WSSV infection in Penaeus japonicus, the ILF2 gene was characterized by bioinformatics analysis and RNAi. The sequence of 873 bp ORF region encoding 290 amino acids was obtained by PCR amplification in this study. The relative molecular weight of ILF2 protein is 32.29154 KDa. The bioinformatics analysis indicated that the ILF2 protein has an DZF domain and a RGG domain and contained a large number of alpha helices and irregular coils. The results of tissue-specific assays demonstrated that ILF2 was highly expressed in the hemolymph and gill of shrimp. After WSSV stimulation, qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of ILF2 was significantly increased in all tissues of shrimp. Using RNAi to knock down the expression of ILF2 in shrimp, the results showed that the copy number of WSSV in shrimp was significantly increased, suggesting that ILF2 could inhibit the replication of WSSV. The results showed that ILF2 had the potential to inhibit WSSV replication and to achieve antiviral properties, providing a theoretical basis for the control of WSSV in shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of different astaxanthin levels on antioxidant capacity and non-specific immunity in phase V~X larvae of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, were investigated; furthermore, the differential gene expression was compared. For this experiment, 60,000 larvae were allocated into five treatments with six replicates. Astaxanthin supplementing in steamed eggs with graded effective content as 0 (control group, A0), 50 (A50), 100 (A100), 200 (A200), 400 (A400) mg kg−1 were fed from phase V to X larvae respectively. Feeding trials lasted for 18 days. The results showed that acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione reductase (GR), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activities were declined significantly compared with the control (P < 0.05); catalase (CAT) activities decreased among treatments; lysozyme (LZM) activities both in treatments A50 and A400 was lower than the control significantly (P < 0.05), while the opposite phenomena were observed among other treatments; glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities both in treatments A200 and A400 significantly elevated than that among A0, A50, and A100 (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in cytochrome oxidase activity (CCO) among treatments except that in A100 (P > 0.05). Nineteen common differential genes were screened out by means of transcriptome analysis. This study implies that excessive addition of astaxanthin may take a negative effect on larvae development of M. rosenbergii by way of suppressing the antioxidant system and non-specific immunity function, and its possible mechanisms need to be investigated furthermore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the development of a potential treatment for shrimp allergy using hypoallergenic chimeric virus-like particles (VLPs). The VLPs were designed to display the major shrimp allergen, Pen m 1, and were shown to elicit blocking IgG antibody responses. The VLPs exhibited reduced allergenicity compared to the soluble form of Pen m 1 and induced a Th1-biased immune response in mice. Further research is needed to investigate the reactogenicity and therapeutic capacity of the VLPs in animal models of shrimp allergy. The study was funded by various organizations and the authors declare no conflict of interest. [Extracted from the article]

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to investigate the quality and shelf life of shrimps (Parapenaeus longirostris, Lucas 1846) glazed with biodegradable gelatin solutions combined with grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed oil (GSO). Therefore, shrimps were divided into five groups and were glazed with distilled water (control), G (gelatin), G + 5% GSO (gelatin with 5% GSO), G + 10% GSO (gelatin with 10% GSO) and G + 15% GSO (gelatin with 15% GSO). Glazed shrimps were vacuum packaged and stored at −18 °C for 12 months. Proximate composition of the shrimps was determined, and the microbial (total viable counts, psychrotrophic bacteria count and Enterobacteriaceae), sensorial, chemical (residual sulfite, pH, total volatile basic nitrogen, trimethylamine nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) analysis, colour measurement, and melanosis formation were evaluated throughout the storage period. RESULTS: According to the analysis results, edible G + GSO coatings improved the meat quality and the brightness of the shrimps. The combined treatment reduced the quality loss of the shrimps which was caused by lipid content and prevented the total psychotropic bacteria growth throughout the storage. Moreover, glazing with G + GSO retarded the melanosis formation of the frozen shrimps. CONCLUSION: The study results revealed that GSO may be a recommended alternatively to sodium metabisulfite, which is a hazardous chemical substance commonly used against melanosis of shrimps. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During Covid-19 outbreak, the production of the Vannamei Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) actually increased and even increased the value of Indonesia's exports. The existence of shrimp culture is closely related to the nature of the surrounding environment, especially climate change. Climate change has a potential impact on aquaculture production, which affects livelihoods that depend on aquaculture. This study aims to analyze the development of sea surface temperature (SST) and high tides over the last 10 years and to analyze the vulnerability of the vannamei shrimp culture to climate change. This research uses a descriptive method. Data were collected through direct interviews with respondents, while the model was a structured interview. Secondary data were obtained from satellite imagery through geographic information systems, and from literature. Data analysis used spatial analysis with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and vulnerability analysis was carried out to build the Livelihood Vulnerability Index matrix. The results show that climate change affects the development of sea surface temperature (SST) and high tides on the coast of Banyuwangi Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. It is proven that during the last 10 years SST and high tide data shows that it fluctuates every year, SST between 27.75-29.6°C, the high tide between 1.47-1.57 m. Changes in SST affects high tide, and both become variability that affects vannamei shrimp culture. The results of the vulnerability analysis show that vannamei shrimp culture livelihoods in Banyuwangi Regency are categorized as vulnerable to climate change, with a value of 3.30 (3.34 vulnerability threshold). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasion of brackish water shrimp ponds with creeper shell Cerithidea cingulata is a major menace. Shells compete for space and food and may reduce shrimp production by more than 90%. Synthetic chemical molluscicides are currently used for control. However, development of eco-friendly herbal molluscicide is the need of time. In this experiment, suitability of Jatropha curcas leaf ethanol extract (EE) for controlling creeper shells was studied and its effect on Litopenaeus vannamei post larvae (PL) was judged. The shells and the PL were exposed to varying concentrations of ethanol extracts at four different pH levels (7, 7.5, 8, and 8.5). A completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and three replications was followed for each pH. The 96-hrs LC50 values for creeper shells were found to be 1.62, 1.87, 2.16 and 2.32 mg mL-1 at pH 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, and 8.5 respectively. 48-hrs LC50 values for the PL were observed to be 0.30, 0.35, 0.57 and 0.94 mg mL-1 at pH 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, and 8.5 respectively. Control assays with DMSO and ethanol showed no effects on the snails. Residual effect of jatropha leaf extract lasted for six days. Study concludes that high doses of Jatropha leaf ethanol extract are required for controlling shell population and also it has proved to be more toxic to PL. Hence, further research to find out susceptible stages of creeper shells in shrimp ponds is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine fish tend to accumulate heavy metals (HM) in various body parts, which biomagnifies in the food chain. Consumption of fish with elevated HM levels by fish-eating population, is likely to express HM toxicity disorders in human beings. Therefore, it is imperative to study HM concentrations in marine waters and in various parts of fishes from the landing areas. In the present study, HM concentrations in marine waters and various organs of selected indicator fish and shrimp species from the four landing centers of Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra are studied in comparison with the standards given by various global agencies. The indicator species of fish and shrimps selected in this study can only throw light on the concerns about the possibility of HM toxicity to the population. The indicator species are selected from inshore waters as it is the breeding ground for these species which receives run-off from industrial waste, agricultural operations and other anthropogenic activities such as tourism as well as from the maintenance of the many fishing vessels, hence highly polluted as compared to offshore water. HM concentrations in water and fish organs are estimated using AAS. Four non-essential HM viz. Pb, Cd, Ni and Cr are studied. Ni and Cr are found to be 'below detectable level (BDL)' in the water samples of all the four landing zones. Cd is reported to be below detectable level at Mirkarwada, whereas Pb is found to be higher at Mirkarwada and Dabhol. For all other centers both Cd and Pb have shown total HM accumulation in various body parts well within the limits, outlined by various global agencies. The study also reveals that the HM accumulation is found to be lowest in fish tissue, which is the only edible part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterotrophs may live in a wider range of environmental conditions and have long been used in probiotic treatments in aquaculture. For detritivores like shrimp, tilapia and carp, heterotrophic bacteria are essential constituents of their diet. In the present study, aimed to isolate and identify heterotrophic bacteria from fermentation sample of freshwater and brackish water shrimp farms. Liquid enrichment medium was used to isolate the bacteria. Bacteria were identified using DNA barcoding analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence using primer 533 F, 1100 Rand phylogenetic analysis with the MEGA X Software. The sequences obtained from the samples were aligned and edited using MEGA-X software. The results revealed that up to four bacteria were isolated from Shrimp ponds. These bacteria were EW1, SP1, SP2 and FD2. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence barcoding analysis, EW1 and SP1 was identified as Priestia flexa, SP2 identified as Acinetobacter venetianus and FD2 identified as Bacillus pumilus. These heterotrophic bacteria could be potential candidates to improve health of Shrimps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of SO (shrimp oil) at various levels (5, 10, and 15%) on the stability of mayonnaise was investigated. Droplet size (d32 and d43), polydispersity index, and microstructure results showed an upsurge in droplet sizes with augmenting level of SO in mayonnaise (5 to 15%) (p < 0.05). SO imparted a bright orange color to the mayonnaise as evidenced by increased a* and b* values with lower L* values (p < 0.05). Moreover, the impact of a fish myofibrillar protein (FMP) substitution for egg yolk (0, 25, 50, 75%) in mayonnaise containing SO (5% and 10%) was also studied. Increasing the level of FMP substitution in SO-added mayonnaise showed a dilution effect and reduced a* and b* values (p < 0.05). In addition, excessive FMP substitution up to 75% drastically increased centrifugal and thermal creaming indices, indicating lowered stability (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, with the augmenting FMP substitutions, the viscosity, texture, and rheological properties in mayonnaise became lower (p < 0.05). However, there were no differences in overall acceptability scores between 5% SO-added mayonnaise with 25% FMP substitution (SO5:FMP25) and 5% SO-added mayonnaise without FMP substitution (SO5:FMP0) (p > 0.05). A confocal laser scanning microscopic (CLSM) study revealed a smaller droplet and less aggregation in the SO5:FMP0 sample, compared to SO5:FMP25. The incorporation of SO and FMP substitution yielded the resulting mayonnaise, which met the requirements of a healthy food since SO is rich in PUFA and the replacement of egg yolk by FMP can contribute several health benefits. The incorporation of SO as well as FMP as substitution for egg yolk therefore has potential in the development of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review and meta-analysis investigates the prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, its virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and its resistance determinants in shrimp. This study was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, to identify and select relevant peer-reviewed articles published between January 2020 and December 2022. The search strategy involved multiple online databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. The inclusion criteria focused on studies that examined V. parahaemolyticus prevalence, virulence factors, and AMR in shrimp from farms to retail outlets. A total of 32 studies were analyzed, revealing a pooled estimate prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in shrimp at 46.0%, with significant heterogeneity observed. Subgroup analysis highlighted varying prevalence rates across continents, emphasizing the need for further investigation. Virulence factor analysis identified thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and tdh-related hemolysin (trh) as the most common. Phenotypic AMR analysis indicated notable resistance to glycopeptides, nitrofurans, and beta-lactams. However, the correlation between antimicrobial usage in shrimp farming and observed resistance patterns was inconclusive. Funnel plots suggested potential publication bias, indicating a need for cautious interpretation of findings. This study underscores the urgency of coordinated efforts to address AMR in V. parahaemolyticus to safeguard public health and to ensure sustainable aquaculture practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a persistent contaminant that has been found globally within the environment. Key data gaps exist in the toxicity of PFOS to marine organisms, especially estuarine species that are crucial to the food web: fish, shrimp, and mollusks. This study developed toxicity thresholds for larval estuarine species, including grass shrimp (Palaemon pugio), sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus), mysids (Americamysis bahia), and Eastern mud snails (Tritia obsoleta). Multiple abiotic stressors (salinity and temperature) were included as variables in testing the toxicity of PFOS. Acute 96 h toxicity testing under standard test conditions of 25 °C and 20 ppt seawater yielded LC50 values of 0.919 mg/L for C. variegatus, 1.375 mg/L for A. bahia, 1.559 mg/L for T. obsoleta, and 2.011 mg/L for P. pugio. The effects of increased temperature (32 °C) and decreased salinity (10 ppt) varied with test species. PFOS toxicity for the sheepshead minnows increased with temperature but was not altered by decreased salinity. For grass shrimp and mud snails, PFOS toxicity was greater under lower salinity. The combination of higher temperature and lower salinity was observed to lower the toxicity thresholds for all species. These data demonstrate that expanding toxicity testing to include a wider range of parameters will improve the environmental risk assessment of chemical contaminants, especially for species inhabiting dynamic estuarine ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp is a rich source of bioactive molecules that provide health benefits. However, the high cholesterol content in shrimp oil may pose a risk. We utilized the cholesterol elimination method to obtain cholesterol-free shrimp lipids (CLs) and investigated their anticancer potential, focusing on cancer stem cells (CSCs) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Our study focused on CSCs and EMT, as these factors are known to contribute to cancer metastasis. The results showed that treatment with CLs at doses ranging from 0 to 500 µg/mL significantly suppressed the cell migration ability of human lung cancer (H460 and H292) cells, indicating its potential to inhibit cancer metastasis. The CLs at such concentrations did not cause cytotoxicity to normal human keratinocytes. Additionally, CL treatment was found to significantly reduce the levels of Snail, Slug, and Vimentin, which are markers of EMT. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of CLs on CSC-like phenotypes and found that CLs could significantly suppress the formation of a three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroid in lung cancer cells. Furthermore, CLs induced apoptosis in the CSC-rich population and significantly depleted the levels of CSC markers CD133, CD44, and Sox2. A mechanistic investigation demonstrated that exposing lung cancer cells to CLs downregulated the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR, as well as c-Myc expression. Based on these findings, we believe that CLs may have beneficial effects on health as they potentially suppress EMT and CSCs, as well as the cancer-potentiating pathway of Akt/mTOR/c-Myc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture recirculation technology has evolved in recent years, as it can save water use and maintain good water quality during tiger shrimp fry rearing and ultimately increase juvenile production. The recirculation technology in this experiment is expected to be adopted by small‐scale tiger shrimp seed farmers. This study aims to develop the technology for producing a juvenile tiger shrimp recirculation system to support shrimp cultivation in ponds. The recirculation system container comprises a biofiltration tank filled with oysters, seaweed, and tilapia. Containers to keep tiger shrimp larvae alive in the recirculation system use a round‐shaped container with a volume of 2 m3. Tiger shrimp larvae were cared for at; A. density of 2000 individuals/m2; B. density of 1500 individuals/m2; and C. density of 1000 individuals/m2. This study found that the survival rate of tiger shrimp in treatments C and B were high, reaching 96.800b ± 2.716% and 91.62b ± 3.432%, respectively, while survival in treatment A was the lowest, at 81.700a ± 4.715%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based upon mixed linear model and incomplete diallel cross between different strains of Macrobrachium nipponense, the additive‐genetic correlations of growth and morphometrics with meat yield traits in M. nipponense were estimated using the minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimation procedure. Path analysis method was utilized to investigate the overall additive‐genetic determinations of growth and morphometric traits on the meat yield traits. Results indicated that growth and morphometrics were genetically positively correlated with abdominal meat weight (p < 0.01), but were not genetically correlated with abdominal meat percentage (p > 0.05) in both sexes. Growth and morphometrics were genetically positively correlated (p < 0.01). Abdominal meat weight was genetically positively correlated with abdominal meat percentage (p < 0.01). In terms of the overall additive‐genetic determination, body weight had the greatest impact on abdominal meat weight in both sexes. In contrast, abdominal meat weight, abdominal length, and body weight were most influential on abdominal meat percentage in both sexes. The genetic relationships of growth and morphometrics to meat yield traits were elucidated in M. nipponense for the first time, contributing to formulation of sound improvement plan for the meat yield traits in this commercially important prawn species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A supplemental effect of Achyranthes aspera extract (200 mg/kg phytosterol) in diets was evaluated for Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) on growth performance, digestibility, innate immunity, antioxidant capacity, and disease resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. A fish meal and soybean meal‐based control diet (Con; protein 38.0% and lipid 8.7%) was formulated and five other diets were prepared by adding A. aspera extract into Con diet to be 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg phytosterol/kg concentration (designated as P05, P10, P20, P40, and P80, respectively). Three replicate groups of 30 shrimp (initial body weight, 0.40 ± 0.001 g) per diet were randomly assigned into 18 acrylic tanks (240 L) and fed one of the diets for 53 days. The growth performance and feed utilization efficiency were significantly higher in shrimp fed P20 and P80 diets than in shrimp fed Con and P10 diets. The dietary phytosterol supplementation improved non‐specific immune response, antioxidant capacity, and apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter and protein of shrimp. The IGF‐binding protein gene expression was also upregulated with dietary phytosterol supplementation. During the challenge test, the disease resistance of shrimp was significantly enhanced against V. parahaemolyticus when shrimp were fed P20 diet. These results indicate that A. aspera extract could be used as a functional feed additive for the improvements in the growth performance, feed efficiency, innate immunity, antioxidant capacity, digestibility, and disease resistance of the shrimp. The optimum dietary inclusion level of the phytosterol seems to be 0.2–0.4 mg/kg diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wet markets in low-and middle-income countries are often reported to have inadequate sanitation resulting in fecal contamination of sold produce. Consumption of contaminated wet market-sourced foods has been linked to individual illness and disease outbreaks. This pilot study, conducted in two major wet markets in Dhaka city, Bangladesh during a 4-month period in 2021 aimed to assess the occurrence and characteristics of Escherichia coli and nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. (NTS) from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Fifty-four individuals of each species were collected. The identity of the bacterial isolates was confirmed by PCR and their susceptibility toward 15 antimicrobials was tested by disk diffusion. The whole genome of 15 E. coli and nine Salmonella spp. were sequenced using Oxford Nanopore Technology. E. coli was present in 60–74% of tilapia muscle tissue and 41– 44% of shrimp muscle tissue. Salmonella spp. was found in skin (29%) and gills (26%) of tilapia, and occasionally in muscle and intestinal samples of shrimp. The E. coli had several Multilocus sequence typing and serotypes and limited antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants, such as point mutations on glpT and pmrB. One E. coli (BD17) from tilapia carried resistance genes for betalactams, quinolones, and tetracycline. All the E. coli belonged to commensal phylogroups B1 and A and showed no Shiga-toxin and other virulence genes, confirming their commensal non-pathogenic status. Among the Salmonella isolates, five belonged to Kentucky serovar and had similar AMR genes and phenotypic resistance patterns. Three strains of this serovar were ST198, often associated with human disease, carried the same resistance genes, and were genetically related to strains from the region. The two undetermined sequence types of S. Kentucky were distantly related and positioned in a separate phylogenetic clade. Two Brunei serovar isolates, one Augustenborg isolate, and one Hartford isolate showed different resistance profiles. This study revealed high fecal contamination levels in tilapia and shrimp sold at two main wet markets in Dhaka. Together with the occurrence of Salmonella spp., including S. Kentucky ST198, a well-known human pathogen, these results stress the need to improve hygienic practices and sanitation standards at markets to improve food safety and protect consumer health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp is an important aquaculture species worldwide. The use of antibiotics to suppress disease outbreaks has led to antibiotic resistance; however, probiotics or natural herbal additives can enhance the health of farmed shrimp. In this study, the effects of formulations containing natural herbs and probiotics on shrimp farming were explored. Following indoor shrimp farming, the shrimp were returned to outdoor natural ponds for 1 week in the presence of a fermented probiotic product. The gut microbiota was surveyed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing at 1, 2, 3, and 8 weeks after the natural pond release. The results showed that Vibrio-related bacterial genera increased significantly in the shrimp intestinal microbiota at 2 weeks and were particularly high at 3 weeks after natural pond release. The phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Vibrio-related bacteria, and the genus Cetobacterium emerged as crucial bacteria linked to shrimp health and growth. Overall, the diversity of the shrimp intestinal microbiota was lower upon release into the natural pond. However, this outcome may be associated with dysbiosis or influenced by the natural environment. Further research is warranted to substantiate these findings. A perspective on the shrimp gut microbiota provides important information for aquaculture management and explains the implementation of control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agribusiness textbook on “rearing giant prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in environmentally friendly biofloc-aquaponics Ponds” was prepared as a result of research and has been published to help increase students’ understanding of agribusiness courses in the Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and Information Technology (FPMIPATI), PGRI University Semarang. The research method used is R and D. The design of the textbook that was developed aims to attract students’ attention in learning, making it easier for lecturers to master the teaching and learning process. Therefore, valid teaching materials are needed. The results of the research show that validation by validators resulted in the validation of teaching material media of 97.5% and validation of teaching material of 96.67% so it was declared in the very good category and suitable for use in learning. This textbook can make it easier for students to understand Agribusiness material, especially about raising giant prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in environmentally friendly biofloc-aquaponics ponds. Furthermore, the publication of this book is also hoped to motivate lecturers to continue writing according to their respective expertise to add to the scientific knowledge at PGRI University Semarang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate-driven shifts in the natural flow regime can threaten species persistence in stream systems, and anticipating such shifts before they occur is critical for conservation. We can explore how climate change may impact biota by examining natural systems that differ in terms of climate yet are similar in terms of other landscape features such as geology, size, and elevation. Across an established precipitation and hydrologic gradient on the east coast of Hawaii Island, we sampled stream habitat and populations of the endemic migratory mountain shrimp Atyoida bisulcata over three years and examined how habitat as well as population metrics and individual condition respond to differences in stream flow. Along the precipitation gradient, baseflow declined and streams shifted from run/riffle systems with moss cover to those with predominately pools and limited available habitat. Across years, baseflow conditions were relatively consistent within streams while measures of stream flow stability and the duration of high flows were more variable. Streams with high and persistent baseflow had greater atyid biomass density with larger individuals less prone to disease. Within-stream interannual variation in baseflow was low relative to differences across streams, and most A. bisulcata metrics also had low within-stream interannual variability, making average baseflow an appropriate surrogate for differences in suitability. However, extremes in annual rainfall may result in high variability in A. bisulcata metrics within a single stream due to seasonal drying or persistent high flows, highlighting the importance of long-term monitoring to fully understand population responses to climate-mediated stream flow. Our study suggests that changes in rainfall patterns will alter stream flow and may ultimately negatively influence tropical stream organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Application of a virus-like particle (VLP) as a nanocontainer to encapsulate double stranded (ds)RNA to control viral infection in shrimp aquaculture has been extensively reported. In this study, we aimed at improving VLP's encapsulation efficiency which should lead to a superior fighting weapon with disastrous viruses. Results: We constructed 2 variants of chimeric Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV)-like particles (V1- and V2-MrN-VLPs) and tested their efficiency to encapsulate VP37 double stranded RNA as well as WSSV protection in P. vannamei. Two types of short peptides, RNA-binding domain (RBD) and deca-arginine (10R) were successfully engineered into the interior surface of VLP, the site where the contact with VP37-dsRNA occurs. TEM and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyses revealed that the chimeric VLPs remained their assembling property to be an icosahedral symmetric particle with a diameter of about 30 nm, similar to the original MrN-VLP particle. The superior encapsulation efficiency of VP37-dsRNA into V2-MrN-VLP was achieved, which was slightly better than that of V1-MrN-VLP but far better (1.4-fold) than its parental V0-MrN-VLP which the mole ratio of 7.5–10.5 for all VLP variants. The protection effect against challenging WSSV (as gauged from the level of VP37 gene and the remaining viral copy number in shrimp) was significantly improved in both V1- and V2-MrN-VLP compared with an original V0-MrN-VLP template. Conclusion: MrN-VLP (V0-) were re-engineered interiorly with RBD (V1-) and 10R (V2-) peptides which had an improved VP37-dsRNA encapsulation capability. The protection effect against WSSV infection through shrimp administration with dsRNA + V1-/V2-MrN VLPs was experimentally evident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]